For a fee the Census Bureau provides an age search service for those, for example, who do not have a birth certificate and need proof of age. Presently the search is for records from 1910-2010.
"Provides, free of charge, aggregate census data and GIS-compatible boundary files for the United States between 1790 and 2013." See instructions about how to use the NHGIS Data Finder on the Census Data Guide under Data Sources.
Presents decennial census population totals for the 100 largest cities and other urban places in the United States based on the 21 decennial censuses taken from 1790 to 1990.